Apache Spark executes iterations by loop unrolling. This means that for each iteration a new set of tasks/operators is scheduled and executed. Spark does that very efficiently because it is very good at low-latency task scheduling (same mechanism is used for Spark streaming btw.) and caches data in-memory across iterations. Therefore, each iteration operates on the result of the previous iteration which is held in memory. In Spark, iterations are implemented as regular for-loops (see Logistic Regression example).
Flink executes programs with iterations as cyclic data flows. This means that a data flow program (and all its operators) is scheduled just once and the data is fed back from the tail of an iteration to its head. Basically, data is flowing in cycles around the operators within an iteration. Since operators are just scheduled once, they can maintain a state over all iterations. Flink's API offers two dedicated iteration operators to specify iterations: 1) bulk iterations, which are conceptually similar to loop unrolling, and 2) Delta iterations, which significantly speed up certain algorithms because the work in each iteration decreases as the number of iterations goes on. For example the 10th iteration of a delta iteration PageRank implementation completes much faster than the first iteration.
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