Python error "'Series' object is not callable "

Question

This line:

df['ln_returns'] = np.log(df['Close_mid']/df['Close_mid'](1))

Gives the following error:

'Series' object is not callable

Answer 1

The problem is you are trying to call ma function on a series object which is not possible, but you can do it like this:

df['ln_returns'] = np.log(df['Close_mid']/df['Close_mid'])

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