Both Tableau Certification and Badges are different from each other. Tableau certification is of a higher order than role-based badges offered by Tableau. The Tableau certification is a certification that validates your expertise in using the Tableau software. This certification has followed proper industry-guidelines and then it is offered.
Whereas, Role-based badges are lower-level validations that are specific to role-based learning paths. You could earn these badges just by enrolling in their learning-paths and passing an assessment test, which validates specific knowledge of roles. Now these badges, you could share them anywhere, as they are available to be shared in URL form.
I hope I explained the difference between the Tableau Certification and Badges, in a clear way. If you wish to master Tableau, check out the Tableau certification course from Intellipaat. Also, check out our YouTube video on Tableau for Beginners from domain experts to help you get a better idea.