An operating system is the backbone of any computing device. It handles tasks such as memory management, file systems, device communications, security, and process scheduling. Different types of operating systems work in different ways based on how they perform these functions.
Here we will learn about the operating systems and their types. We will also explore their use cases and real-world examples.
Table of Contents:
What is an Operating System?
An Operating System (OS) is a system software that provides an interface between computer hardware and the user. An operating system manages the resources and operations of the computer and helps control and monitor the execution of all other programs running on the computer. Many of the tasks performed are concerned with tasks related to the file system, input/output control, process scheduling, and memory management, and facilitate a good relationship between the machine and the user.
Core Functions of an Operating System
The main purpose of an operating system is to provide a platform on which a user can execute programs and resources efficiently and conveniently.
- Memory Management: This is a critical operating system function that manages the allocation and deallocation of memory for a variety of executable processes that are currently running in main memory, while managing storage operations in secondary memory. The OS typically allocates main memory using segmentation and paging when assigning memory to processes. The handling of secondary memory allocation does not deal directly with the allocation of memory but with organizing how files are saved on a disk.
- File Management: This is a core function of operating systems that provides organized storage, access, and control of files that reside on storage devices such as SSDs or hard drives. The OS hides hardware complexity and presents a logical view of files.
- Process Management: This is another important function of operating systems that manages the creation, scheduling, execution, and termination of the application/executable instance, a process. The OS assigns each process a certain amount of CPU time and manages resources for all processes, including multitasking and context switching.
Importance of OS in Modern Computing
Some of the important reasons are given below to show why OS is important in today’s digital age:
- Multitasking and Parallel Processing: Today’s systems must allow users to run multiple applications at the same time. As an example, when connecting to the web using a web browser or watching videos using media players, security scanners, or cloud sync tools often run silently in the background. The OS provides multitasking and is able to keep track of parallel processes.
- Device and Hardware Compatibility: Along with the built-in drivers, the OS allows users to connect to a range of hardware devices. The hardware devices can be peripherals, such as keyboards, printers, GPUs, or other peripheral devices.
- Efficient Resource Management: Modern applications are resource-intensive, which requires systems to manage the CPU, storage, memory, and input/output devices carefully. The OS is responsible for managing these resources in such a way that workloads from numerous processes and tasks can share these resources without conflict.
- Support for Cloud, Virtualization, and AI: The OS supports cloud, virtualization, and AI workloads in such areas as cloud computing environments (e.g., Linux, Windows, etc.), virtual machines and hypervisor software (e.g., KVM, VMware, Hyper-V), and AI and machine learning workloads. The OS is necessary in the data centre and for Software as a Service (SaaS) and enterprise infrastructure.
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Types of Operating Systems
There are various types of Operating systems based on their workings.
They are as follows:
- Batch Operating System
- Multiprogramming Operating System
- Multi-Tasking (Time-Sharing) Operating System
- Multiprocessing Operating System
- Multi-User Operating System
- Distributed Operating System
- Network Operating System
- Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
- Mobile Operating Systems
1. Batch Operating System
A batch operating system is an operating system that groups user jobs into batches, which run sequentially without any user interaction. Each batch of jobs is run as a batch, and once you submit your job, it will be processed one at a time without any user intervention, so it allows for no interleaving or interactions with jobs for different users.
Working
- Job Submission – The users will prepare their jobs, often using magnetic tapes or punch cards, and submit them to the operator.
- Creating Batch – The operators will take the jobs, group them together based on resource needs, and place them in a batch to allow them to run as efficiently as possible.
- Executing Sequentially – The operating system will keep all of these jobs in memory and will process each batch sequentially, one job at a time, to maximize resource utilization.
- Managing Memory – The memory allocated to the job is only released when the job is complete; thus, the memory is freed up for other jobs.
Advantages of a Batch Operating System
- Increased Throughput – Due to the ability to run many jobs simultaneously and quickly, it has a larger throughput.
- Fewer Errors – Since it is not interacting with the user, it has fewer opportunities to make human errors that may occur during manual processing.
- Resource Efficiency – The batched operating system makes use of scheduling, and by grouping jobs into similar jobs, it can use resources more efficiently.
- Reduced Management – The batched operating system can help manage and schedule many jobs.
- Scalability – It can manage a very large number of jobs, so it can easily scale for large amounts of data being processed.
Disadvantages of Batch Operating Systems
- Priority Difficulty – Batch operating systems complete a queue of requests sequentially, so there may be some high-priority requests that need to wait until the prior ones are done.
- No User Participation – Users cannot participate with the system directly, and there may be an issue with debugging.
- Execution Issue Effect – If there is a problem with the execution of a task, all the other tasks will be in the queue until the problem is resolved and the execution can be completed.
- Costly – It can be costly to maintain and run. It is also costly to install, especially when it requires special hardware or software.
- Debugging Troubles – In the batch operating system, error detection can be a slow and difficult process because users do not have feedback available immediately, nor can they stop the task that is currently executing to try again.
Use Cases and Real-World Examples
Several examples of batch operating systems are highlighted below:
- Data analysis – Batch operating systems are utilized in data analysis pipelines where large amounts of data need to be processed in a non-interactive way. Batch operating systems allow us to schedule or run our longer-running analytical processes. For example, batch operating systems are employed with Apache Hadoop and Spark.
- Healthcare – In healthcare, the batch operating system is used to handle large volumes of patient data and produce reports from that data. For example, hospital applications, such as Apollo or MAX, utilise a batch operating system to manage the large volume of patient data.
2. Multi-Programming Operating System
A Multi-Programming Operating System is a type of operating system in which the OS executes multiple programs in the main memory and shares the CPU to improve performance at the same time. It can be explained as one program being on hold or waiting due to any error; in such a case, the CPU switches to the program that is ready for execution.
Working
The multi-programming operating system mainly works based on the concept of maximizing CPU utilization by providing memory to multiple programs at the same time.
Working Steps:
- CPU Switching – When one program is on hold or waiting to complete execution, the CPU switches to the other program that is ready for execution.
- Apparent Concurrency – The user thinks that multiple programs are running at the same time, as the switching by the CPU is very fast, but actually, the CPU executes them sequentially.
- Multiple Programs in Memory – The multi-programming operating system allows multiple programs to run at the same time in the main memory.
- Context Switching – The OS saves the state of the current program, and the state of the next program gets loaded when the current program waits for an I/O operation to complete, enabling the CPU to switch quickly.
- Concurrent Execution – Multiple programs are allowed to progress in parallel, even though only one uses the CPU at any time.
Advantages of a Multi-Programming Operating System
Given below is the list of advantages of a multi-programming operating system:
- CPU Utilization increases – It increases the utilization of the CPU.
- Multiple Users Interaction – It supports multiple users interacting with the system.
- System Throughput Improved – At a given time, more programs can get executed, leading to higher productivity.
- Reduced Turnaround Time – If the program is shorter, then it can get executed quickly, as the CPU can quickly switch to the other programs that are ready for execution.
- System’s Responsiveness – It increases the system’s responsiveness as it increases the CPU utilization.
Disadvantages of a Multi-Programming Operating System
Some disadvantages of multi-programming operating systems are given below:
- Complexity Increased – As it manages multiple programs at a time, the complexity of the operating system is increased.
- Debugging Complexity – As multiple programs are running at the same time, it is a problem to debug the program(s).
- Memory Management – It is very challenging to allocate and manage memory for multiple programs.
- Overheating Issues – If we are using a multiprogramming OS to a larger extent, it can cause an overheating issue.
- Longer Programs – Programs with longer execution times may experience longer wait periods
Use Cases and Real-World Examples
Some used multi-programming operating systems; use cases along with examples are given below:
- Time-Sharing System – It is used where multiple users access the system simultaneously so that each user gets the necessary CPU time. For example, cloud-based terminal services, mainframes in early banking, etc.
- High Throughput System – It helps in executing a large number of tasks with minimal CPU time. For example, it is used in bank transaction processing systems.
- Multitasking Environment – As it supports multiple program executions, it forms a multitasking environment. For example, multiple active apps in Linux or macOS use a multi-programming OS.
- Server Environment – It is used in web and application servers as datasets and storage, and it has hundreds or thousands of users accessing shared services.
- Educational and Research Institutions – It supports remote access to search environments, multiple user labs, and simulations by allocating CPU to various programs. For example, research labs, university servers, etc.
3. Multi-Tasking (Time-Sharing) Operating System
A multi-tasking operating system is a type of operating system that allows multiple processes to execute concurrently, enhancing system performance. It also enhances multiprogramming by allocating fixed slots to each process that is ready to execute. It helps to increase the CPU utilization.
Working
To manage multiple tasks, a multitasking OS uses technologies like context switching and time-sharing. The working of the multi-tasking operating system is given below:
- CPU Utilization: When one task waits for the I/O operation, the other tasks that are ready for execution use the CPU.
- Responsiveness: The system becomes more responsive and interactive to improve the user experience, and hence allows multiple tasks.
- Time-Sharing: Each task receives a time slice for execution, ensuring fair CPU sharing for execution as the time is divided into smaller slots.
- Context Switching: When one task is on hold or waiting for execution, then the context of that task gets saved, and the OS switches to the other task that is ready for execution.
- Performance: It provides a smooth experience across the apps to the users.
Advantages of a Multi-Tasking Operating System
The advantages of a multitasking OS are given below:
- Better User Experience: Without waiting for a long time for the execution of one task, users can switch between the applications.
- Improved Resource Utilization: As it supports the switching of tasks, the resources are more efficiently used.
- Increased Efficiency: As it supports multitasking, it helps to increase productivity.
- Efficient Memory Management: It enables efficient memory use by allowing multiple tasks to coexist without interference.
- Background Processing: When one task is executing, the other task can run in the background.
Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating Systems
The disadvantages of a multi-tasking OS are:
- Resource Contention: Sometimes multiple tasks can compete for the same resources, due to which performance issues can occur.
- Complexity: The multitasking operating systems are complex to design and implement, as they perform multiple tasks at the same time.
- Context Switching Overhead: Switching the context of the tasks can sometimes have an impact on the performance.
- Potential for Errors: Multitasking can sometimes create problems in debugging, as multiple tasks are taking place at the same point in time.
- Real-time tasks: It becomes difficult to manage the real-time task priorities.
Use Cases and Real-World Examples
Some of the use cases, along with the examples, are given below:
- Servers: The servers mostly need to handle multiple requests from the users and other systems, which makes them multitask. For example, a file server, Windows server, etc.
- Personal Computers: They support the running of multiple tasks like media players, word processors, and browsers in the background. For example, Windows, macOS, and Linux.
- Smartphones: They allow users to use multiple apps at the same time. For example, iPhone, Android, etc.
- Corporate Workstation: In corporate workstations, various tasks take place, like working, video calling, etc. For example, Zoom, Teams, Mail, and so on.
- Software Development Environment: Various tasks take place at the same time, like testing applications, accessing browsers, compiling code, and using debugging tools. For example, Ubuntu.
4. Multi-Processing Operating System
A multiprogramming operating system allows more than one CPU to execute jobs on a computer. The multiprogramming operating system improves throughput by providing faster throughput, reliability, and resource allocation.
Working:
The functioning of the multiprogramming operating system is indicated below:
- Multiple Processors: The multiprogramming operating system operates with multiple processor cores in the machine.
- Resource Allocation: The multiprogramming operating system delegates jobs and provides efficient use of resources.
- Access to Shared Memory: All processors have access to the same main memory.
Advantages of a Multi-processor Operating System
- Increase Reliability: Multiple CPUs can enhance reliability the limitation of failure is reduced; if one CPU fails, the work can continue on the other job.
- Better Resource Utilization: Multiple CPU working adds an additional layer of resource optimization.
- More Scalability: The systems also move up the scale by adding additional CPUs to manage larger workloads.
- Increased Performance: Because of multiple processors working, the work is distributed, which causes proper utilization of the CPU
Disadvantages of a Multi-processor Operating System
- Complex OS Design: The operating system of multiprocessor systems must implement sophisticated synchronization, scheduling, and load-balancing, which complicates OS design and development.
- Scalability Issues: Multiprocessor systems are scalable, but the performance does not always scale linearly with the addition of CPUs due to communication delays and contention for shared resources.
- Resource Contention: Processors access the same resources, such as memory and I/O devices. If multiple processors access a resource at the same time, processing delays could result.
- More Complex Software: Not all applications are coded for parallelism on multiple processors; the programs that can parallelize execution are harder to implement and debug than sequential code.
- Higher Cost: Multiprocessor systems require multiple CPUs, cooler systems, and more complex hardware architectures, making them more costly.
Use Cases and Real World Examples
Some use cases with examples are as follows:
- Database Server: They can handle larger databases and transactional systems. For example, Oracle Database.
- General-purpose computing: Multiplicity for today’s computing applications. For example, Windows 11
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5. Multi-User Operating System
A Multi-User Operating System is an operating system that allows multiple users to access a single system simultaneously.
Working:
- User Sessions: Each user can stay isolated and do their work separately.
- Time Allocation: The Operating System allocated CPU to each user for a fixed amount of time.
- Resource Sharing: Users are able to share system resources (like printers or certain files) without affecting one another.
- Process Isolation: Each user’s tasks are isolated from each other to avoid disruption on the process level.
- Security: The OS supports security and ensures that no user has access to another user’s data without permission.
Advantages of a Multi-User Operating System
- Resource Sharing: multiple people can utilize the system at the same time, which helps reduce hardware costs.
- Centralized Control: System admins can manage the activities of all users in a single system.
- Efficiency: A multi-user OS can contribute to using the CPU and memory more efficiently. Remote Access: The system can be accessed from remote locations.
- Data Consistency: Updated data can be easily obtained by all users at the same time from a central place.
Disadvantages of a Multi-User Operating System
- Security vulnerabilities – If the system is not adequately managed, there is a greater potential for data breaches to occur.
- Performance Issues – The system can become slow if too many users are using it.
- Resource Conflicts – When multiple users are competing for resources, it can lead to delays in use.
- Complexity of Setup – There will need to be a technical setup for a learning curve involved in using the system.
- High-Dependence – The evaluation of all users is dependent upon a single system; if the main system is down for whatever reason, all users are affected.
Use Case:
- Mainframe Systems: Used by larger corporations and government organizations to support multiple users accessing the same data and running applications concurrently. Example: IBM z/OS
- University Computer Labs: Students log in to the same system under different user accounts to complete their projects. Example: UNIX systems in lab environments.
6. Distributed Operating System
A Distributed Operating System is an Operating System that uses a number of independent computers and manages them so that the user has the impression of being part of a single system. Such systems distribute the workload across multiple processors.
Working:
- Transparency: The user has the impression of a single system.
- Resource Sharing: Devices, files, and services are shared across multiple machines.
- Fault Tolerance: When one machine fails, all other machines continue to run.
- Scalability: It is easy to add new systems.
- Communication: Distributed systems use message passing for communication and synchronization between systems.
Benefits of a Distributed Operating System
- Higher Level of Performance: Tasks can be divided so that one system does not become overloaded.
- Fault Tolerance: The system will still run even if a node in the system fails.
- Scalability: The system can easily be expanded by adding a new machine.
- Resource sharing: To better utilize all resources in all systems.
- Higher Level of Parallel Processing: To better utilize time by processing tasks in parallel.
Disadvantages of a Distributed Operating System
- More Complexity in Management: They require more skill to manage and maintain.
- Dependent on Network: If the network fails, then the performance of the system will decrease.
- Network Security: Data may be exposed during transmission.
- Synchronization issues: It will become very difficult to keep the data on all systems in sync.
- High cost: Can be expensive to set up and maintain.
Use Cases and Examples
Here are a few real-world implementations of distributed OS:
- Google Search Infrastructure: Google is a distributed system that can process huge numbers of search queries across hundreds of data centers. Example: Google File System and MapReduce.
- Cloud Platforms: On-demand services like Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure provide a distributed OS architecture to manage services and data processing across different locations. Example: Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure Stack.
7. Network Operating System
A Network Operating System is defined as software that makes it possible for multiple computers to communicate over a network, enabling users to share files, printers, and other resources.
Working:
- Connection: Devices are connected via LAN or WAN.
- Central Control: One system (server) controls the others.
- Resource Sharing: Devices such as printers and drives are shared.
- Access management: User access is managed through permissions.
- Data transfer: Data is transferred between nodes in the network.
Advantages of a Network Operating System
- Centralized User, data, and security management: Administrators are able to manage users and data from a single platform.
- Backup and Restore: A centralized on-board backup limits data loss
- Security Protocols: More control in reference to who can access resources and permissions.
- Flexibility: It is easy to add devices to share.
Disadvantages of a Network Operating System
- Costly: Costs associated will be high, installation and maintenance WILL be costly.
- Server Dependent: If the server fails, the network could cease to work.
- Scalability Challenges: The Network can become overwhelming as more devices
- Overhead/Performance: More devices will simply mean more load on the server.
Real Life Examples
Business Networks: Loosely use NOS, each office needs verification to access devices or data (for example, Windows OS or Mac OS).
8. Real-Time Operating System
A Real-Time Operating System is suitable in situations when accurate timing is critical. It guarantees that different tasks are performed within strict deadlines.
Working:
- Real-Time Scheduling: The OS schedules tasks based on priorities.
- Timing: All tasks must finish when intended.
- Interrupts: The system must immediately respond to signals in the real world.
- Tasks: Only the critical tasks are prioritized.
- Delay: The OS prevents unnecessary delays.
Benefits of RTOS
- Quick Response Time: Fast task execution.
- Consistent Reliability: The best choice for critical systems.
- Effective Task Scheduling: With prioritization of tasks.
- Reduced Latencies: Quick and reduced response time.
- Deterministic Timing: Expected output in a predictable time frame.
Disadvantages of Real-Time Operating Systems
- Complex Design Consideration: RTOS needs to be designed and coded with planning.
- Limited Features: Able to surpass speed while neglecting user considerations.
- Expensive: Specialized hardware and costly development.
- Challenging Debugging: Difficult to validate test cases with time-critical applications.
- Less Flexible: Tasks or processes have to run within strict times.
Use Case:
- Medical Applications: Pacemakers and patient monitors.
- Industrial Applications: Assembly line robots.
- Aerospace Applications: Missile and flight controls.
9. Mobile Operating System
Mobile Operating Systems typically run on smartphones and tablets. They aid in touch input, wireless connections, media playback, and apps.
Working
- Touch Interface: A touch interface responds to finger taps or flicks.
- Power Management: Manages power when in use to save battery.
- App Management: Manages and runs apps working in the background.
- Connectivity: Handles mobile networks, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi.
Benefits of Mobile Operating Systems
- Easy to use: A simple interface for all users.
- Variety of Apps: Millions of apps are available for download.
- Portability: You can take them anywhere.
- Regular Updates: Improve performance and fix security issues.
- Pre-loaded Features: Camera, maps, music, messages, etc.
Disadvantages of Mobile Operating Systems
- Limited Customization: Users cannot modify system settings outside of a small interface.
- Battery Depletion: Continued use of apps may drain your battery quickly.
- Hardware Dependent: Performance depends on the hardware of the phone.
- App Incompatibility: Apps may not work well, if at all, on certain devices.
Use Case Examples: Android, iOS, Harmony OS
Key Differences Between Various Types of Operating Systems
| OS Type |
Key Features |
Common Use Cases |
Limitations |
| Multi-User OS |
Supports multiple users on a single system |
Mainframes, Banks, University Labs |
Security risks, performance issues |
| Distributed OS |
Runs across multiple systems as one |
Cloud services, Telecom, Scientific apps |
Complex setup, network dependency |
| Network OS |
Manages resources over a network |
Corporate offices, Libraries, Colleges |
Server dependency, costly setup |
| Real-Time OS (RTOS) |
Time-bound task execution |
Medical devices, Cars, Robotics |
Complex, less user-friendly |
| Mobile OS |
Touch input, power-efficient, app-based |
Smartphones, Tablets |
Limited hardware power, app restrictions |
Future Trends in Operating Systems
The Operating Systems are adapting to modern requirements in the fields of scalability, interconnectivity, and intelligence. Some future trends are given below:
- Cloud-Based Operating System: It supports devices to access system resources, storage, and applications through the cloud, which reduces the dependency on local hardware. For example, Windows 365 Cloud PC offers a full Windows desktop via cloud streaming.
- Virtual Operating System: These operating systems are designed to run inside virtual machines or containers, offering isolated and customizable environments for different workloads. For example, VirtualBox, VMware Workstation, and KVM-based virtual Linux servers.
- AI-Integrated Operating Systems: AI and machine learning are embedded to automate tasks, optimize resource allocation, enhance security, and provide predictive assistance. For example, Huawei HarmonyOS, Windows 11, etc.
- OS for IoT and Edge Devices: It provides a minimal memory footprint and real-time processing for sensor data. For example, FreeRT OS, Google’s Fuchsia OS, etc.
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Conclusion
Operating systems are present in any computing device: big and small, from huge mainframes to tiny mobile phones. Each OS type: Multi-user operating systems, Distributed operating systems, Network operating systems, Real-time operating systems, or Mobile operating systems, has its own benefits, means of operation, and purpose. If we understand how they work, where they are used, and the advantages and disadvantages of each, we can select the right OS for our use. As technology moves forward, we are witnessing cloud, virtual, AI, and IoT-oriented operating systems. As we will see, the trends in operating systems show no sign of stopping and will keep evolving to meet the demands for speed, safety, connectivity, and intelligence.
Types of Operating Systems – FAQs
1. What are the 5 main types of operating systems?
There are 9 types of operating systems; among them, the 5 most important types of operating systems are batch operating systems, multitasking operating systems, real-time operating systems, distributed operating systems, and network operating systems.
2. Which OS is best for multitasking?
Multitasking operating systems are those that allow multiple tasks to execute at the same time. The best OSs for multitasking are Windows, macOS, and Linux.
3. What is the difference between multitasking and multiprocessing OS?
The main difference between multitasking and multiprocessing OS is that multitasking allows a single processor to execute multiple tasks at the same time, but on the other hand, multiprocessing utilizes multiple processors to execute tasks at a time.
4. Is Linux a real-time operating system?
No, Linux is not a real-time operating system.
5. What are mobile operating systems examples?
Mobile Operating Systems are used to manage mobile gadgets like phones or tablets. Some mobile operating systems are iOS, Windows Phone OS, and Android.