Multithreading in C++

Multithreading in C++ is a process that allows a C++ program to execute multiple threads at the same time. It helps to improve the performance and parallel computations of the applications. It was introduced with C++11 to help developers in creating threads in C++ and managing them easily. In this C++ multithreading tutorial, we will discuss what multithreading is, what a thread is, creating a thread, benefits of multithreading, thread lifecycle, problems with multithreading, applications of multithreading, and best practices in C++.

Table of Contents:

• What is Multithreading in C++?
• Key Benefits of Multithreading in C++
• Understanding Threads in C++
• How to Create Threads Using std::thread in C++
• Types of Callables in std::thread (Functions, Lambdas, Functors)
• C++ Thread Lifecycle: From Creation to Termination
• Thread Management in C++
• Common Challenges in Multithreading in C++
• Tips for Debugging Multithreaded Programs in C++
• Synchronization Techniques in C++ Multithreading
• Safe Thread Termination in C++
• Context Switch in Multithreading in C++
• How to Pass Arguments to Threads in C++
• Performance Considerations in C++ Multithreading
• C++ Multithreading vs Multiprocessing: Key Differences
• Real-World Applications for Multithreading in C++
• Multithreading Best Practices in C++
• Conclusion

What is Multithreading in C++?

Multithreading in C++ is referred to as the ability of a program to execute multiple threads or parts of code at the same time or concurrently.  It helps to improve the performance on multi-core processors and keep the applications responsive. Also, it leads to some problems such as deadlock, race conditions, and complex debugging. Due to this, thread synchronization in C++ becomes important to manage these issues.

With C++11, built-in support for multithreading through libraries such as <thread>, <mutex>, etc., was introduced, which helps us to understand how to use threads in C++ in a more standardized process.

Key Benefits of Multithreading in C++

• Better Performance: It helps a program to use multiple cores, which leads to faster execution. 
• Efficient Resource Utilization: Threads share the same memory space as a process, which reduces the memory overhead.
• Scalability: C++ Multithreading helps applications scale better on multiple multi-core platforms.
• Asynchronous Execution: It allows various programs to perform background tasks, such as file downloading, without blocking the main process.
• Improves Responsiveness: In applications such as GUIs or games, it keeps the program responsive.

Understanding Threads in C++

A thread is the smallest execution unit in a program. When a program runs, the operating system gives it a process in which there can be one or more threads, each of which does different tasks at the same time.

There are two types of programs such as single-threaded and multi-threaded:

• Single-threaded Program: In a single-threaded program, only one task is done at a time.
• Multi-threaded Program: In a multi-threaded program, various tasks can be done together at the same time.

How to Create Threads Using std::thread in C++

A thread can be created using the std::thread class from the <thread> header. To start a thread, there is only a need to create a std::thread object and pass a callable such as a function or a functor to the constructor of the object. This process will immediately start the new thread and run the provided callables in parallel with the main thread. This is the primary method for creating threads in C++.

Syntax:

std::thread thread_object(callable);

Here, 

• std::thread – It is the class representing a thread of the C++ Standard Library.
• thread_object – It is the name of the thread that is created.
• callable – It is any callable object, such as a function, a lambda expression, or a functor.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how a thread is created that runs the sayHello function, prints “Hello from the thread!”, and then waits for the thread to finish using t.join() before printing “Hello from the main function!” in the main thread. This example shows how to use threads in C++ for basic parallel execution.

Types of Callables in std::thread (Functions, Lambdas, Functors)

A callable is a function or an object in C++ that is executed when the thread starts. It is passed to a thread constructor. It can be a function pointer, a lambda expression, a functor, a non-static or a static member function. This variety enhances flexibility when creating threads in C++.

Let’s discuss each of the callables in brief with examples in C++.

1. Function Pointer

A function pointer is a pointer that points to a function. It can be used to refer to a function and pass that function to a thread for execution. There is only a need to define a normal function, pass the function name as a pointer to std::thread, and then the function is executed in a new thread when the thread starts.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how the std::thread t(sayHello) is used to create a thread that calls the sayHello function, t.join() makes sure that the main thread waits for t to finish, and then the output is printed to the console.

2. Lambda Expression

A lambda expression is an anonymous function that is defined inline within the code. It can be defined directly where it is called, and this makes it very flexible. The lambda can capture variables from its surrounding scope, can be passed directly into std::thread, and will be executed by the new thread.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how a thread is created using a lambda expression that prints “Hello from the lambda thread!” and also waits for the thread to finish executing using the t.join().

3. Function Object (Functor)

A functor is an object that is callable like a function. Functors can have state, which makes them useful when you need an object with some behavior or internal data. Define a class (or struct) that overloads the operator(), create an instance of this class, and pass it to std::thread. The object is then executed by the thread as if it were a function.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how a thread is created by passing a functor object, MyTask, that defines the work to be done, and waits for the thread to complete using t.join().

4. Non-Static Member Function

A non-static member function belongs to a specific instance of a class. It needs an object to be called. Thus, to run a non-static member function in a thread, both the member function pointer and the object instance must be passed to std::thread.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how a thread is created, which is used to run a non-static member function, sayHello, on an object obj, and also waits for the thread to complete using t.join(), then the result is printed to the console.

5. Static Member Function

A static member function is a function that belongs to the class itself rather than any object of the class, so it can be directly passed to std::thread without the need for any object instance.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how a thread is created, which is used to run the static member function sayHello directly without any object instance, and then waits for the thread to finish using t.join(), and then the message is printed to the console.

C++ Thread Lifecycle: From Creation to Termination

The thread lifecycle in C++ is the cycle of the different stages a thread goes through during a program execution, from its creation to termination.

Stages of a Thread Lifecycle in C++:

Example:

Output:

The code shows how a thread is created to run the task function, waits for it to finish using t.join(), and then prints a message from the main thread after the thread lifecycle is complete.

Thread Management in C++

Thread management in C++ refers to controlling the execution of a thread. It involves creating threads in C++, waiting for them to finish, letting them run independently, checking if they are joinable, and handling their IDs. In C++, threads are managed through the <thread> header. It controls the complete life cycle of threads, and also helps us to understand how to use threads in C++ effectively.

Key Thread Management Functions:

Example:

Output:

The code shows how a thread is created to run the task function, which checks if the thread is joinable, waits for it using t.join(), and then prints a message from the main thread after the thread has finished.

Common Challenges in Multithreading in C++

Here are a few common challenges in multithreading in C++:

1. Deadlocks: A deadlock occurs when two or more threads are waiting on each other to release resources, which results in threads that are stuck indefinitely.
2. Thread Contention: It happens when multiple threads want the same resource, which can lead to performance bottlenecks.
3. Race Conditions: A race condition occurs when the behavior of a thread depends on the timing and ordering of events. This leads to unpredictable behavior depending on the combination of timing and ordering.
4. Thread Leaks: It occurs when a thread is not properly joined or detached, which results in threads that are unused but still consume resources.
5. Thread Safety Issues: Non-thread-safe libraries and functions will create problems when they are accessed by multiple threads.
6. Starvation: It occurs when threads cannot obtain resources because other threads are using them.

Tips for Debugging Multithreaded Programs in C++

Here are some tips for debugging multithreaded programs in C++:

• Use Thread-Safe Logging: Log thread activity with thread IDs to trace behavior, but ensure the logger itself is thread-safe to avoid interference. This enables thread safety in C++.
• Enable Thread Sanitizers: Use tools like ThreadSanitizer or Valgrind to detect race conditions and memory issues automatically.
• Avoid Shared State When Possible: Minimize shared resources across threads to reduce the chances of race conditions.
• Use Mutexes and Locks Correctly: Always lock before accessing shared data, and unlock immediately after. Prefer scoped locks (e.g., std::lock_guard) for safety. This is a core aspect of thread synchronization in C++.
• Check for Deadlocks: Make sure all threads acquire locks in the same order and avoid holding multiple locks unless necessary.
• Check for Data Races: Use atomic operations or synchronization mechanisms like std::mutex, std::condition_variable, or std::atomic.
• Use Debuggers with Thread Support: Tools like GDB and Visual Studio Debugger allow you to inspect thread states, switch between threads, and set breakpoints on thread-specific code.
• Log Thread Creation and Termination: Knowing when and where threads start or end helps to track unexpected behavior.
• Keep Thread Count Low While Debugging: Fewer threads make debugging easier and more predictable.

How to Avoid Deadlocks in C++

Here are a few points that you must follow to avoid deadlocks in C++:

• Always lock mutexes in the same order across all threads.
• Use std::lock() to safely lock multiple mutexes at once.
• Keep the locked section of code as short as possible.
• Prefer std::lock_guard or std::unique_lock to manage locks automatically.
• Avoid locking one mutex inside another (nested locks).
• Never call external functions while holding a lock.
• Use lock-free data structures or atomics when possible. These are all important for effective thread synchronization in C++.

Synchronization Techniques in C++ Multithreading

Thread synchronization in C++ is important for managing access to shared resources between multiple threads. It makes sure that threads do not interfere with each other when they access or modify shared data and avoids issues such as data races and race conditions. This is where thread synchronization techniques in C++ become crucial.

Types of Thread Synchronization in C++

1. Mutexes (Mutual Exclusion)

A mutex is a lock that is used to protect shared data from being accessed by multiple threads simultaneously. Only one thread can take and use the mutex at a time, which ensures exclusive access. It is one of the primary thread synchronization techniques in C++.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how the std::mutex and std::lock_guard are used to increment a shared resource counter in a multithreaded environment, which makes sure that only one thread can access and modify the counter at a time.

2. std::lock_guard and std::unique_lock

These are RAII-style locks that manage mutexes. They are key thread synchronization techniques in C++.

• std::lock_guard: It automatically locks the mutex upon creation and releases it when the lock goes out of scope.
• std::unique_lock: It is more flexible than std::lock_guard, allows for manual locking and unlocking, and can be used with std::condition_variable.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how the std::lock_guard and std::unique_lock are used to increment a shared variable counter, which automatically manages the locking and unlocking of a mutex to prevent race conditions, and then the final counter value is printed to the console.

3. Condition Variables

It is used to synchronize threads because it waits until the condition is satisfied. Condition variables are always used in combination with a mutex. It is useful when one thread has to wait for another thread to do a task. This is an important aspect of thread synchronization in C++.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how the std::condition_variable is used so that one thread waits until a condition ready == true is met, and another thread sets the condition and then notifies the thread which is waiting to continue.

4. Read-Write Locks

A read-write lock allows multiple threads to read shared data simultaneously but gives exclusive access for write operations. It is best to use when there are many readers and few writers. This is another important technique among the thread synchronization techniques in C++.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how the std::shared_mutex is used in the C++ program, where read_data takes a shared lock allowing multiple readers, and write_data takes an exclusive lock to write safely, which ensures that there is proper read/write synchronization.

Safe Thread Termination in C++

Threads in C++ terminate automatically when their function is finished. The thread termination can be explicitly managed by using join() to wait for the thread or detach() and let it run independently. If a thread is not joined or detached before destruction, std::terminate() is called, which will cause the program to abort. Thus, always check that the thread is joinable before joining or detaching it. This is essential for thread safety in C++.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how a thread is terminated properly by checking that the thread is joinable before calling join() to avoid the potential errors, and then the result is printed to the console.

join() vs detach() in std::thread in C++

• Joining (join()): join() blocks the calling or main thread until the target thread finishes execution. It ensures the thread completes before the program proceeds.
• Detaching (detach()): detach() lets the thread run independently. Once it is detached, it cannot be joined, and its resources are automatically cleaned up when it finishes.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how the t1.join() blocks the main thread until t1 completes its running, and t2.detach() separates the thread, which allows it to execute in the background without synchronization, and then prints to the console.

std::async vs std::thread: Which One Should You Use?

Here is a comparison of std::async vs std::thread that helps you to decide which one to use in C++:

Common Mistakes While Using std::thread

Here are common mistakes while using std::thread in C++:

• Not handling exceptions inside threads: Exceptions in threads must be caught; otherwise, the program may terminate. This affects thread safety in C++.
• Not joining or detaching threads: Forgetting to call join() or detach() causes program crashes or undefined behavior.
• Accessing shared data without synchronization: It leads to data races and unpredictable bugs, which directly impact thread safety in C++.
• Passing local variables by reference: It causes dangling references when the thread outlives the function scope.
• Mismatched argument types: Passing wrong types to the thread function causes compilation or runtime errors.
• Assuming threads run in order: Thread scheduling is non-deterministic; don’t rely on execution order.
• Creating too many threads: Creating excessive threads may exhaust system resources and degrade performance.

Context Switch in Multithreading in C++

When the CPU switches from one running thread to another is called as a context switch in C++ multithreading. In the context switch, the system saves the state of the current thread and then loads the next thread’s state so it can continue execution in its normal order without problems.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how task1 and task2 run concurrently in separate threads, simulate work using sleep_for, and synchronize their completion using join() to ensure both finish before the program ends.

How to Pass Arguments to Threads in C++

Arguments in C++ are passed to a thread function simply by providing them after the function name when the std::thread object is created. The thread constructor automatically forwards the arguments to the callable.

Example:

Output:

The code shows how the arguments are passed to a thread function by value, where the string “Intellipaat” is passed to the greet function running in a separate thread.

Condition Variables vs Mutex: What’s the Difference?

Performance Considerations in C++ Multithreading

• Thread Overhead: Creating threads in C++ too frequently increases memory usage and context switching, giving low performance.
• Thread Pooling: Reuse threads with a thread pool instead of constantly creating and destroying them.
• False Sharing: Avoid multiple threads writing to variables on the same cache line to prevent slowdowns due to cache contention.
• Lock Contention: Minimize the use of shared locks; high contention can block threads and degrade throughput.
• Task Size: Break the task into tasks that are not too small (overhead) or too big (poor parallelism).
• Avoid Busy Waiting: Use condition variables or proper synchronization instead of loops that waste CPU cycles.
• Scalability: Design multithreading logic that scales with the number of cores, not just the number of threads.

C++ Multithreading vs Multiprocessing: Key Differences

Here is a comparison table of C++ multithreading vs Multiprocessing based on different aspects:

Real-World Applications for Multithreading in C++

1. C++ multithreading is used in game development, which helps games to run faster.
2. It allows a server to handle a large number of user requests at the same time.
3. C++ multithreading also enhances speed by processing the data, as you can divide the tasks and work on them at once.
4. It facilitates real-time monitoring and processing of data from sensors with minimal delay.
5. Multithreading allows video and audio tasks to run independently of each other, so you can keep the application smooth.
6. It also helps in real-time processing of trades and facilitates faster decisions.
7. Training AI models is quicker because calculations can be spread and more parallel threads can run using the multiple cores in the CPU.
8. Multithreading makes file compression faster because we can apply a process to every individual section of the file, simultaneously.

Multithreading Best Practices in C++

1. You should always use thread pools to manage multiple threads and reduce the overhead of creating threads in C++.
2. In threads, you must use std::mutex, std::lock_guard, or std::unique_lock for safe access to shared resources to prevent concurrent access from other threads. This is important for thread safety in C++.
3. You should avoid deadlocks by acquiring locks in a stable order, or, if acquiring multiple mutexes, you should use std::lock.
4. You also must avoid busy waiting and should use condition variables for thread notification.
5. You must use thread-safe libraries and ensure the shared data structures are properly synchronized.
6. Join threads before program exit or detach for programs designed to run independently.
7. You should prefer std::async and std::future for straightforward tasks over managing threads yourself.

Conclusion

C++ multithreading helps you to write efficient and concurrent programs by executing multiple tasks at the same time. C++11 provides the std::thread library and synchronization tools, which help in the safe multithreaded development. But it also gives some problems, such as deadlocks, race conditions, etc. So, by understanding how multithreading works, its lifecycle, applications, and best practices, you can write an efficient C++ program using multithreading.

Multithreading in C++ – FAQs