In this blog, we will learn what book building is, why we need book building in investment banking, various steps that should be followed for the book building process, and a lot more.
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What is Book Building?
As per SEBI regulations, book building is essentially a method used in Initial Public Offering (IPO) to obtain an effective price. An IPO is opened for a specific time period, and then bids are gathered from investors at a range of values that fall within the price range set by the issuer.
This process is directed forward to both institutional investors as well as retail investors. The issue price is determined when demand is generated in the process. In simple terms, book building is a process used by companies raising capital through IPO to use it for price and demand discovery.
Book building is a capital-distribution method used primarily for promoting an equity share offering to the general public by aiming at both wholesale and retail investors. Following the bid closing date, the issue price is chosen based on a set of evaluation criteria.
In India, book building is done using a method where the issuer establishes a base price and a price band that is roughly equivalent to the filing range used in the US. This is the main reason why this term is getting popular and used more frequently in the Investment banking sector.
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Types of Book Building
There are also two different sorts of book-building processes: 75% book building and 100% book building. Let us check the basic difference between the two so that we can have a better understanding of how the two types differ fundamentally:
- 75% Book Building: In accordance with this procedure, 25% of the issue must be sold at a fixed price and the remaining 75% must be offered through the Book Building procedure.
- 100% Book Building: In this type, either 100% of the total profits from the book-building process are offered to the public or 75% of the net offer to the public is made through the Book Building process, and 25% of the net offer made to the public at the amount decided through the Book Building process.
Both types play a fundamental role in the banking sector as both types provide versatile features that can be used to decide the price of an IPO However, it is a common practice in most developed countries like the USA, UK, France, Germany, Japan, China, and many others.
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Advantages of Book Building
Although the Book Building process has many benefits, we’ll focus on the following five that stand out the most:
- Book building can help to determine a security’s price and the intrinsic worth of its shares.
- When we issue the company we can get the benefit of selecting quality investors.
- The book-building process results in saving money as we know funds that are being spent on marketing and advertising activities are saved after using the book-building process.
- Share price can be determined rationally by looking at the demand for the same in the market.
- Book building process informs the general public about the bidding information due to which there is a higher probability of transparency.
Characteristics of Book Building Process
In the above section, we have seen what exactly Book Building means. Now let us see the most significant characteristics of the Book Building process:
- The number of securities to be offered, as well as the price range for the bids, is specified by the Issuer.
- The book is generally available for a period of five days.
- Bids must be submitted within the price range that has been indicated.
- Bidders have the option to amend their bids before the book closes.
- The book runners analyze bids on the basis of demand at different price levels once the book-building period has come to an end.
- The issuer who intends to make an offer appoints one or more lead merchant bankers to act as ‘book runners’.
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What is the Book-Building Process of IPO?
In the book building process, we have to follow several steps to make it efficient. Let’s see in detail, the process of Book Building, step by step:
Step 1: Appointment of Investment Banker
The first step starts with the appointment of the lead investment banker. The main role of this person is to conduct due diligence.
The investment banker also proposes a price band for the shares to be sold. If the management agrees with the propositions of the investment banker, the prospectus is issued with the price range suggested by the investment banker.
Step 2: Collecting Bids
The market participants are asked to submit bids in the second step to purchase the shares. They are asked to submit a bid for the number of shares they are prepared to purchase at various price points. It is suggested that these bids be sent to the investment bankers together with the application fee.
It should be highlighted that not a single investment banker is in charge of collecting bids. Instead, the main investment banker can designate sub-agents to use their network specifically for gathering bids from a bigger number of people.
Step 3: Price Discovery
This is the third step in which lead investment bankers aggregate all the bids, then they begin the process of price discovery. The final price chosen is simply the weighted average of all the bids that have been received by the investment banker. This price is set to be the cut-off price.
Step 4: Publicizing
Stock markets all throughout the world demand that businesses disclose the specifics of the bids they received for the sake of transparency. Investment bankers are responsible for running advertising for a specified amount of time that includes information on the bids received for the purchase of shares. Several markets’ authorities also have the option of physically inspecting the bid applications.
Step 5: Settlement
Finally, shares must be distributed and the application amount that has been credited from the individual bidders must be adjusted. For instance, a call letter requesting payment of the remaining balance must be sent if a bidder offers a lower price than the cut-off price.
But, if a bidder placed a bid that was higher than the cut-off, a refund check must be prepared for them. The settlement procedure makes sure that investors are only paid the cut-off amount, not the shares that were sold to them.
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Conclusion
Every corporate organization needs money to conduct its operations. It has the ability to raise money from both internal and external sources. Companies employ a variety of methods when they are looking for external sources. In industrialized nations, Book Building is a prevalent activity that has recently begun to spread in emerging economies like India, Brazil, China, etc.
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