The major components of the embedded system are explained here –
Embedded Software
This component of an embedded system is used to make the hardware components functional and control their functionality.
It includes operating systems and application software. The operating system used in embedded systems is generally a real-time operating system (RTOS). Application software depends on the system’s requirements.
Embedded system software is majorly responsible for the following functions –
- System control and operation
- Input-output handing
- Communication
- Data processing, etc.
Power Supply
The power supply unit provides the electric power necessary for the embedded system to function. In embedded systems, the power supply unit takes AC power from the supply mains and converts it into a stable DC supply at a voltage suitable for embedded system components.
Microprocessor
The microprocessor is the main component of the embedded system that executes instructions, processes data and performs calculations.
Memory Unit
The memory unit is responsible for storing data and instructions in the embedded system. A typical embedded system’s memory unit generally contains RAM and ROM.
External Device Interface Controller
This component is responsible for creating a communication interface between internal components of an embedded system and external devices or peripherals. External device controller performs functions like –
- Data collection from sensors and other input devices
- Send signals or outputs to external devices.
Characteristics of Embedded Systems
The following are some essential characteristics and features of embedded systems –
- Task–Specific Design – Embedded systems are specially designed to perform a specific task. Hence, they are different from a general-purpose computer that can perform multiple operations or functions.
- Real-Time Performance – Embedded systems are usually designed to meet the real-time requirements of the large system or device in which they are used.
- Integrated in Large System – Most embedded systems are designed to be part of a large system or device, like an air conditioner, to automatically regulate the temperature.
- Cost-Effective Solution – Embedded systems are cost-effective solutions for those systems with low or no performance demands.
- Run on Firmware – Embedded systems have a micro-design and a firmware-driven mechanism stored in a non-volatile memory like ROM.
- Use Limited Hardware Resources – Embedded systems are designed to use minimal hardware resources, such as very small memory, a simple user interface, and limited input capabilities.
Real-World Examples of Embedded Systems
The following are some examples of embedded systems in real-world applications –
- In modern vehicles, embedded systems perform a variety of functions, such as cruise control, air bag system, navigation, infotainment, etc.
- Many embedded systems are used in smartphones. Some common examples include cameras, microphones, speakers, display units, operating systems, interfacing modules, network controllers, I/O ports, sensors, etc.
- In industries, embedded systems automate, control, and monitor specific operations within a large industrial setup.
- In medical equipment, embedded systems are used for automatic vital sign monitoring, controlling complex operations, etc.
- In wearable and fitness devices, embedded systems are integrated to monitor heart rate, oxygen level, step counts, and more.
Conclusion
This article is all about the fundamentals of embedded systems. It has explained some important concepts of embedded systems, from their basic definition to real-world examples. In conclusion, an embedded system is a computing device designed to perform a single, dedicated task and used as part of a large system or device.