In today’s digital world, everything revolves around data. Nowadays, databases play a very important role in managing small applications or building enterprise-level software. If you are someone who is interested in DBMS (Database Management Systems), it is important for you to understand the types of databases and how they function.
In this blog, we will talk about the different types of databases, their characteristics, advantages, and applications. So let’s get started!
Table of Contents:
What is a Database?
A database is basically a place where you can store information in an organized way. This information can be structured data, such as names and numbers, or unstructured data like pictures, videos, and documents. The information can also be semi-structured data, like JSON files. To manage all this information, you should use a software called Database Management System (DBMS). It helps you to create, edit, search, and save data in a quick and efficient way. Nowadays, databases are used in almost every application.
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Characteristics of a Database
Some of the characteristics of a Database include:
- Data Organization: With the help of a database, you can keep your data neat and properly organized. Hence, it is easy to find and update whenever you need.
- Efficiency: By using a database management system (DBMS), it becomes easier for you to get the right data and make changes without any delay.
- Scalability: When your application grows and you begin to store more data, a good database can handle that much data without lagging and collapsing.
- Security: A database consists of tools and features that help to protect your personal data, so that only the people you trust can see or change it.
Nowadays, databases are used in almost every modern application, whether it’s on your phone, computer, or online. An operational database helps the app run by storing all the important data it needs. This data is kept in a very organized way so that the app can easily find and use it. For example, while building an e-commerce application, the operational database is used to store information like product details, customer information, prices, and order history. This makes it easy for customers to look for items, make purchases, and track their orders. You can use a database to store information like:
- Customer data: A database is used to store important information like usernames, email addresses, and preferences.
- Business data: A database can also be used to store data like the color of the product, prices, and ratings.
- Relationship data: It can also store data like the locations of stores that have a specific product in stock.
In simple terms, databases act like the backbone of modern apps. They help to make sure that you can save, find, and change data easily.
Types of Databases
Databases can be grouped based on how they are built, how they are used, how they store data, and what they are used for. Given below are the different types of databases along with their explanation:
1. Hierarchical Databases
Data is stored on a hierarchical database in the form of a tree structure. Here, each main record (called a parent) can have several records related to it (called children). This setup can be helpful in cases when you have some specific hierarchy of data. For example, in a university database, the University remains at the top, below it are the Departments and Administration. Even though there are different parts of the university, all of them are connected through the parent-child structure.
Fig: Hierarchical Database
In a hierarchical database, the data is arranged in a parent-child relationship. This means that the parent record can have many child records, but a child can have only one parent. As you go on to add more data, the structure grows like branches of a tree. One good example of a Hierarchical database is IBM’s Information Management System (IMS).
Advantages:
- You can access data easily through the tree path.
- The structure is easy to understand and manage.
- It consists of one parent per child, which keeps the data clean.
- It works well with level-based data.
Disadvantages:
- Rigid structure: Hierarchical database has a rigid structure. Hence, it is hard to change the hierarchy.
- One parent only: In a hierarchical database, a child cannot link itself to more than one parent.
- Wasted space: In a hierarchical database, if a parent does not have child records, the space for those empty links is still reserved. This leads to a waste of storage and makes the database-less efficient.
- Complex updates: It’s very hard to make changes in a hierarchical database.
2. Network Databases
A network database is an upgraded version of the hierarchical database. Unlike a hierarchical database, where each child record has only one parent, in a network database, a child record can have multiple parent records. This helps to create a web-like structure, where data is more connected and flexible. For example, in a university database, a student can be linked to both a department and a club. This can also be applied to faculty and resources. This type of setup can be applied to two-way and many-to-many relationships between data.
Fig: Network Database
This model of network database is good for handling complex data structures because it shows the many-to-many relationships clearly. It has a flexible design, which makes it easier to work with some database management languages. A good example of a network database is the Integrated Data Store (IDS).
Advantages:
- More flexible than hierarchical: In a network database, you can relate data along many paths rather than along only one.
- Supports many-to-many relationships: In a network database, one record can link to multiple records, and those records can be linked back as well.
Disadvantages:
- Hard to design and manage: It can be hard to set up and organize a network database.
- Tough to make changes: It takes a lot of effort to change the structure of the database.
3. Object-Oriented Databases
An object-oriented database is used to store data using object-oriented programming (OOP) ideas. In this type of database, data is saved in the form of objects, which include both attributes (like name or age) and methods (functions that do something with the data). This makes it easier for you to work with data. Such databases are used in order to store complex data such as images, videos, graphics, and large files that cannot fit in the usual table formats.
Fig: Object-oriented database
For example, in an object-oriented database, you can save a person as an object with attributes like Name and address. It also contains methods like getLatestAddress(), which helps you to get the latest address quickly. This setup helps to make your work easier because you can reuse objects and link them directly. This helps you to save time and improve data access. Each object works like a small unit of the database, which makes it easy to manage and perform tasks in an efficient way.
Advantages:
- An object-oriented database will allow you to store complex data such as images, videos, and 3D models.
- An object-oriented database works well for apps like CAD or multimedia systems that use complex data.
Disadvantages:
- You must have a good knowledge of object-oriented programming in order to use an object-oriented database.
- It is not as popular or common as relational databases.
One example of an object-oriented database is the Berkeley DB software library, which is integrated for fast and efficient query responses in embedded systems. These types of databases are useful for applications that use complex data types.
4. Relational Databases
A relational database is the most commonly used database nowadays. Data is stored in tables by using relational databases, where each row is regarded as a record and each column is an attribute. In this type of database, different pieces of information are related to each other. Each record has its unique identity, which helps it connect to other records easily. This makes it easy for you to organize, search, and manage data.
In a relational database, all the data is stored in the form of tables. Each row in a table is connected to other rows using a primary key, which is also the unique ID for each record. Also, you can link one table to another using a foreign key. This helps to create relationships between the data. Given below is a diagram that shows how these can be used to connect two tables and keep data organized.
Fig: Relational Database
Because relational databases use tables to organize data clearly, they have become very popular. They can be used in web applications to store user data securely and effectively. Another reason they are widely used is that they are easy to learn. You communicate with them through SQL (Structured Query Language) language which is very simple and can be used to handle data.
In relational databases, it’s easier and faster to scale and move through the data compared to hierarchical databases. This makes them better for handling large amounts of information. Some popular relational database examples are MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle Database.
Advantages:
- The information is neatly stored in tabular form, thus it is easy to use.
- Many people use it, so help and learning resources are easy to find.
Disadvantages:
- It can be quite difficult to deal with very large data or too many users at a time.
- You have to design the table structure (schema) carefully before adding data.
5. Cloud Databases
A cloud database is just a database that works over the internet instead of being stored on your own computer or office servers. It operates on the basis of cloud systems such as Google Cloud, AWS, or Microsoft Azure. This kind of database is helpful when your app needs to handle changing amounts of data or lots of users. It gives you the freedom to grow without setting up big machines yourself. You are able to access your data anywhere, and you do not need to think of maintenance expenses because everything is done online.
Many businesses today use services like SaaS (Software as a Service) and PaaS (Platform as a Service) to work with cloud databases. These services make things simpler, so you don’t have to set everything up by yourself. Instead, you can just focus on your data while the platform handles the rest. Given below are some of the common cloud platforms:
- Amazon Web Services (AWS)
- Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
- Microsoft Azure
- ScienceSoft, etc.
Advantages of Cloud Databases:
- Storage and power can be added or removed when necessary.
- The setup and maintenance are taken care of by the cloud provider.
- You only pay for what you use, and thus you don’t have to spend much at the beginning.
Disadvantages of Cloud Databases:
- You are required to connect to the database through a stable internet connection.
- Some people worry about how secure their data is when stored in the cloud.
6. Centralized Databases
A centralized database is just a type of database where all your data is kept in one main place, like a single computer or server. Since everything is stored together, it’s easier to manage, keep safe, and make sure the data stays the same everywhere. You need not worry whether things are out of sync or dispersed into multiple systems. It’s also simpler to decide who can see or change the data.
Fig: Centralized Database
In a centralized database, people connect from different places to get or update the information they need. This setup is common in big companies because it helps keep the data safe and the same for everyone. However, the increase in the number of new users may slow it down if it is not set up to handle the extra load. So, it’s important to think about how much the database will need to grow in the future.
Advantages:
- It provides you with better data security. Since all data is stored in one place, it is easier to protect the data.
- The same data isn’t stored in many places, which saves space and keeps things neat.
- All people see the same information, and therefore, there is no conflict.
Disadvantages:
- In the case of a very large database, it takes more time to load or find data.
- It may be time-consuming to make an update or change when there is a lot of data.
7. Personal Databases
A personal database is a small and simple tool that you can use to keep your own information organized. You can apply it on your phone or computer so that you can organize several things, such as your contacts, budget, notes list, or daily schedule. It doesn’t need any special setup, and you don’t have to be good with technology to use it. It’s made to be easy and quick, so anyone can use it without much trouble. Two examples of Personal databases are:
- Microsoft Access: Microsoft Access is a basic and easy-to-use database that is suitable for personal use or small businesses.
- SQLite: SQLite is a small and fast database that works well in mobile apps and desktop software.
Advantages:
- You can set it up and use it without needing to know a lot about tech.
- It doesn’t use much storage, so it works well on phones or small computers.
Disadvantages:
- It does not have the ability to handle large volumes of data or a high number of users.
- It does not have the advanced tools offered by the bigger databases.
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8. Operational Databases
An Operational Database helps a business to run its day-to-day work. It helps you to keep track of things like sales, orders, or customer details. You can also add, update, or delete information easily. This allows the data to show the current activities and transactions.
These databases operate on real-time transactions such as purchase or update and provide you with the most up-to-date data in a quick way. For example, SAP HANA is a widely used operational databases that enable companies to analyze data faster and make real-time reports.
Advantages:
- You can get the information you need fast, which helps with daily work.
- The data is kept in order, so it’s easier to manage and use.
- The results of the changes are reflected immediately, so the information will always be up-to-date.
Disadvantages:
- If there’s a lot of real-time activity, the system might get slower.
- It must be managed and monitored often to keep it running smoothly.
- It is designed to help in the day-to-day activities, not to carry the bulk of data reporting or long-term insights.
9. NoSQL Databases
A NoSQL Database is a type of database that is not stored in rows and table entities. It uses more flexible data storage methods such as key-value pairs, documents, or graphs. This makes it helpful while working with different types of data, like text, images, or JSON files, that do not always follow the same structure. This type of database is suitable when your data keeps changing and does not fit into a fixed format.
NoSQL databases are easy to work with and can grow by just adding more servers, which makes them good for big or growing systems. They’re also built to stay up and running most of the time, even during heavy use. Unlike regular databases that use tables, NoSQL uses different ways to store data, which can make things run faster in some situations. An example of a NoSQL database is MongoDB, which stores data in a document-like format, the same way JSON works.
Fig: NoSQL Database
Advantages:
- You can increase the number of servers to process additional information or traffic.
- It does not require expensive hardware to run since it can be operated using ordinary machines.
- Works well when dealing with lots of data and needs quick results.
- It can store all types of data, including organized, semi-organized, or completely unstructured.
Disadvantages:
- Most NoSQL databases are open-source, so you don’t have to pay to use them.
- Some NoSQL databases like MongoDB do not have strong backup tools.
- These databases can store large documents. These may slow things down if not handled properly.
Components of a Database
A database consists of many significant components that work together to store, sort, and provide data. It is important for you to understand these important components, as it will help you to see how a database functions.
1. Tables: Tables are the main place where all the data is stored in a database. For example, a spreadsheet that contains rows and columns. Here, each row is called a record, and each column is called a field or an attribute. Tables help you to keep the data organized, so it can be easily accessible.
2. Fields: Fields are basically individual pieces of data that are found in the columns of a table. In each field, you can store one specific type of information, like name, data, or email address. Fields help you to organize the data by keeping similar information in one place.
3. Records: Records are basically rows in a table. Each record is used to represent a complete set of related information. Each record is different from the others and holds a specific person, item, or transaction.
4. Primary Key: A primary key is basically a unique identifier for each record in a table. It helps to ensure that no two rows contain the same values. This makes it easier to find, update, or delete specific records without any confusion.
5. Foreign Key: A foreign key is a field in a table that is used to connect it to another table. It generates a link between the related data that is stored in different tables. This helps to maintain the relations between them, which simplifies the way you plan and retrieve the associated information from multiple tables.
6. Indexes: Indexes are basically the special tools used in a database that help to make searches faster and more efficient. Indexes help you to quickly find the information you need without scanning the entire table. In the same way, a database is also used to index points where specific data is stored. This helps you to speed up the process.
7. Views: Views are like the virtual tables in a database. They don’t store any data on their own but show the information that comes from one or more real tables. A query used to create the view can select the particular data that you want to be displayed. This helps you to focus on the data you need without changing the original tables.
8. Schemas: A schema is basically like a plan for how a database is set up. It shows in what sequence the data can be arranged, such as the tables, fields, and the relations between them. The schema also helps you to keep everything in a structured way and makes it easier for you to understand how the different parts of the database work together.
9. Database Management System (DBMS): A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software that helps to create, read, update, and manage data in a database. It provides you with tools and user interfaces that are needed to work with your data, whether you are adding new records, editing the existing ones, or searching for some specific information. The common examples of the DBMS tools are MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB. These systems help you to make it easier to organize and control your data without needing to handle everything manually.
Popular Database Management Systems
The above image shows the rankings of the top 10 Database Management Systems (DBMS) in June 2025. The top-ranked databases in June are given below:
1. Oracle: It holds the no.1 spot. It is a powerful relational database that is trusted by businesses. Its score increased a bit this month (+3.82) but is lower than last year.
2. MySQL: Also very popular and still ranked no.2. However, its score dropped this month (–11.41) and has seen a big drop since last year.
3. Microsoft SQL Server: Ranked at no.3 and having increased the score by a little (+1.86). It is used in enterprise applications.
4. PostgreSQL: It is a relational database that is also gaining popularity. It jumped +6.34 points this month and is up +44.41 compared to last year.
5. MongoDB: It is a popular NoSQL database. Its score is steady (+0.33), though it has dropped compared to last year.
6. Snowflake: It is a relational database that is cloud-based. It moved up from 8th place last year and gained +2.48 points this month.
7. Redis: It is a key-value NoSQL database that’s very fast. Its score dropped slightly, and it lost one rank compared to last year.
8. IBM Db2: Although it still remains in 8th place, its score has also decreased a little. It is a reliable relational DBMS for big companies.
9. Elasticsearch: It is basically a multi-model database that is used for search and analytics. It lost score and stayed in 9th place.
10. SQLite: It is basically a lightweight relational database. It is used in mobile apps and is stable. But it received a small drop in its score.
Advantages of Databases
Below are some of the advantages of databases:
1. All your information is stored in a database in an organized manner. Hence, when you need that information, it is very easy to locate and manage.
2. You can add, edit, or delete data quickly without messing up the whole system.
3. Databases prevent you from repeating the same information. This helps you to save space and prevent confusion.
4. You can also control who can see your data. This helps to keep sensitive information safe and secure.
5. Many people can use the same database at the same time without any problem. This is a great feature for team businesses.
Disadvantages of Databases
Below are some of the disadvantages of databases:
1. It can cost a lot of money to set up and maintain a database system, especially for large businesses.
2. You should have a good understanding of how databases work, or you can hire someone who is skilled enough to manage and maintain data properly.
3. Due to a lack of proper backup, technical failure or a cyberattack could lead to loss of important data.
4. If the database is too large and is not managed properly, it can slow down while handling searches or updates.
5. If the database is not properly protected, it can be targeted by hackers. This could lead to leaking private information.
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Conclusion
It is important for you to have knowledge of the various categories of databases so that you can deal with any kind of data. These include a relational database, such as MySQL or PostgreSQL, a NoSQL database, such as MongoDB, or a cloud database due to its flexibility and scalability, but all databases are distinct in having a different purpose. With the help of a good database management system (DBMS), you can store, organize, and manage your data properly. Selecting an appropriate kind of database representation of your requirements (such as a network, hierarchical, object-oriented, or personal database) can ensure that your information is simple to locate, safe, and properly designed to function on a daily basis. To take your learning further, read the SQL interview questions and subscribe to the SQL Course by Intellipaat to upskill yourself.
Types of Databases – FAQs
Q1. What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases?
SQL databases use structured tables, whereas NoSQL databases use a flexible structure such as a document or a key-value pair.
Q2. Can I use more than one type of database in a single project?
Yes, many modern systems nowadays work with a combination of databases based on requirements, which is known as a polyglot persistence strategy.
Q3. Which database is the best for mobile apps?
SQLite or Firebase are commonly used lightweight databases that are suitable for mobile apps.
Q4. What is an in-memory database?
It is the type of database that helps to keep information in the memory of the system (RAM) so that it can be accessed much quicker.
Q5. Are cloud databases safe to use?
Most of the cloud-based databases are highly secure, but it is your responsibility to take care of the permissions and backup.