SQL Cheat Sheet for 2023 (Download PDF)

Reference SQL Cheat Sheet Guide for Interviews

For a software Developer or a programmer, basic knowledge on SQL is a must. This helps in retrieving the information from the database and performing modifications and several operations on the data.

This SQL cheat sheet provides you with the necessary concepts required to start on with SQL. It is helpful for beginners willing to learn and work on SQL.

Further, if you want to learn SQL in-depth, you can refer to the tutorial blog on SQL

You can download the printable PDF of this SQL cheat sheet

SQL: Structured query language (SQL) is a domain specific language used for programming and querying a database.

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Basic Keywords in SQL:

SQL Architecture

SQL Data Types:

• Exact Numeric:

  • INTEGER
  • SMALLINT
  • BIGINT
  • NUMERIC
  • DECIMAL

• Approximate Numerics:

  • REAL
  • DOUBLE PRECISION
  • FLOAT
  • DECFLOAT

• Binary Strings:

  • BINARY
  • BINARY VARYING
  • BINARY LARGE OBJECT

• Boolean:

  • BOOLEAN

• Character Strings:

  • CHARACTER
  • CHARACTER VARYING (VARCHAR)
  • CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT
  • NATIONAL CHARACTER
  • NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING
  • NATIONAL CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT

• Date times:

  • DATE
  • TIME WITHOUT TIMEZONE
  • TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIMEZONE
  • TIME WITH TIMEZONE
  • TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE

• Intervals:

  • INTERVAL DAY
  • INTERVAL YEAR

• Collection Types:

  • ARRAY
  • MULTISET

• Other Types:

  • ROW
  • XML

SQL functions:

A set operation can be used on the returned results called ‘UNION’ which can append the result of one query to another
Syntax:

SELECT col1, col2 FROM table1
UNION
SELECT col3, col4 FROM table2;

Aggregate function: It is a function where the values of multiple rows are combined to form a single value

SQL Operators:

These are the reserved words or characters used in the SQL statements to perform operations:

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View:

It is a virtual table which is a result of a query. It is often used as a security mechanism letting users to access the data through the views
Syntax:

CREATE VIEW view1 AS
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
WHERE condition

INDEXES:

It is used to speed up the performance of the queries by reducing the number of database pages to be visited
Syntax:
To create an index- CREATE INDEX index_name ON t(c1, c2)
Create an unique index: CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON t(c3, c4)
Drop an index: DROP INDEX index_name

Stored Procedure:

It is a set of SQL statements with assigned names that can be shared and reused by multiple programs
Syntax:

CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name
@variable AS datatype = value
AS
-- Comments
SELECT * FROM t GO

Triggers:

It is a special type of stored procedure that automatically executes when a user tries to modify through a DML event
Syntax:

CREATE OR MODIFY TRIGGER trigger_name
WHEN EVENT
ON table_name TRIGGER_TYPE
EXECUTE stored_procedure

Explanation:

• WHEN:
  • BEFORE: Invokes before an event occurs
  • AFTER: Invokes after an event occurs
• EVENT:
  • INSERT: Invoke for Insert
  • UPDATE: Invoke for Update
  • DELETE: Invoke for Delete
• TRIGGER TYPE:
  • FOR EACH ROW
  • FOR EACH STATEMENT

2. To delete or drop trigger:
It deletes a specific trigger
Syntax: DROP TRIGGER trigger_name

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Using SQL constraints:

Primary key: Set c1 and c2 as primary key
Syntax:

CREATE TABLE t(
c1 INT, c2 INT, c3 VARCHAR,
PRIMARY KEY (c1,c2)
);

Foreign Key: Set c2 column as foreign key
Syntax:

CREATE TABLE t1(
c1 INT PRIMARY KEY,
c2 INT,
FOREIGN KEY (c2) REFERENCES t2(c2)
);

Unique: Making the values in C1 and C2 as unique
Syntax:

CREATE TABLE t(
c1 INT, c1 INT,
UNIQUE(c2,c3)
);

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With this, we come to an end of SQL Cheat sheet. To get in-depth knowledge, check out our interactive, live-online SQL certification Training here, that comes with 24*7 support to guide you throughout your learning period. Intellipaat’s SQL online training equips you with you with managing the database solutions, managing various operations on databases, migrate it to the cloud and scale on demand.

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