Introduction:
SQL is a basic query language that every programmer must know. This cheat sheet will guide you through the basic SQL queries required to learn and work on SQL.
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SQL Commands:
The commands in SQL are called Queries and they are of two types
Data Definition Query:
The statements which define the structure of a database, create tables, specify their keys, indexes, and so on.
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Data manipulation queries:
These are the queries that can be edited.
E.g.: Select, update and insert operation
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Basic Commands in SQL:
| Command |
Syntax |
Description |
| ALTER table |
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype; |
It is used to add columns to a table in a database |
| AND |
SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_nameWHERE column_1 = value_1 AND column_2 = value_2; |
It is an operator that is used to combine two conditions |
| AS |
SELECT column_name AS ‘Alias’FROM table_name; |
It is a keyword in SQL that is used to rename a column or table using an alias name |
| AVG |
SELECT AVG(column_name)FROM table_name; |
It is used to aggregate a numeric column and return its average |
| BETWEEN |
SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_nameWHERE column_name BETWEEN value_1 AND value_2; |
It is an operation used to filter the result within a certain range |
| CASE |
SELECT column_name,CASEWHEN condition THEN ‘Result_1’WHEN condition THEN ‘Result_2’ELSE ‘Result_3’ENDFROM table_name; |
It is a statement used to create different outputs inside a SELECT statement |
| COUNT |
SELECT COUNT(column_name)FROM table_name; |
It is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument and counts the number of rows when the column is not NULL |
| Create TABLE |
CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_1 datatype, column_2 datatype, column_3 datatype); |
It is used to create a new table in a database and specify the name of the table and columns inside it |
| DELETE |
DELETE FROM table_nameWHERE some_column = some_value; |
It is used to remove the rows from a table |
| GROUP BY |
SELECT column_name, COUNT(*)FROM table_nameGROUP BY column_name; |
It is a clause in SQL used for aggregate functions in collaboration with the SELECT statement |
| HAVING |
SELECT column_name, COUNT(*)FROM table_nameGROUP BY column_nameHAVING COUNT(*) > value; |
It is used in SQL because the WHERE keyword cannot be used in aggregating functions |
| INNER JOIN |
SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_1JOIN table_2 ON table_1.column_name = table_2.column_name; |
It is used to combine rows from different tables if the Join condition goes TRUE |
| INSERT |
INSERT INTO table_name (column_1, column_2, column_3) VALUES (value_1, ‘value_2’, value_3); |
It is used to add new rows to a table |
| IS NULL/ IS NOT NULL |
SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_nameWHERE column_name IS NULL; |
It is an operator used with the WHERE clause to check for the empty values |
| LIKE |
SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_nameWHERE column_name LIKE pattern; |
It is a special operator used with the WHERE clause to search for a specific pattern in a column |
| LIMIT |
SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_nameLIMIT number; |
It is a clause to specify the maximum number of rows the result set must have |
| MAX |
SELECT MAX(column_name)FROM table_name; |
It is a function that takes a number of columns as an argument and returns the largest value among them |
| MIN |
SELECT MIN(column_name)FROM table_name; |
It is a function that takes a number of columns as an argument and returns the smallest value among them |
| OR |
SELECT column_nameFROM table_nameWHERE column_name = value_1 OR column_name = value_2; |
It is an operator that is used to filter the result set to contain only the rows where either condition is TRUE |
| ORDER BY |
SELECT column_nameFROM table_nameORDER BY column_name ASC | DESC; |
It is a clause used to sort the result set by a particular column either numerically or alphabetically |
| OUTER JOIN |
SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_1LEFT JOIN table_2 ON table_1.column_name = table_2.column_name; |
It issued to combine rows from different tables even if the condition is NOT TRUE |
| ROUND |
SELECT ROUND(column_name, integer)FROM table_name; |
It is a function that takes the column name and an integer as an argument and rounds the values in a column to the number of decimal places specified by an integer |
| SELECT |
SELECT column_name FROM table_name; |
It is a statement that is used to fetch data from a database |
| SELECT DISTINCT |
SELECT DISTINCT column_nameFROM table_name; |
It is used to specify that the statement is a query that returns unique values in specified columns |
| SUM |
SELECT SUM(column_name)FROM table_name; |
It is a function used to return the sum of values from a particular column |
| UPDATE |
UPDATE table_nameSET some_column = some_valueWHERE some_column = some_value; |
It is used to edit rows in a table |
| WHERE |
SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_nameWHERE column_name operator value; |
It is a clause used to filter the result set to include the rows where the condition is TRUE |
| WITH |
WITH temporary_name AS (SELECT *FROM table_name)SELECT *FROM temporary_nameWHERE column_name operator value; |
It is used to store the result of a particular query in a temporary table using an alias |
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Commands and syntax for querying data from a single table and multiple tables:
| Single Table |
Multiple Table |
SELECT c1 FROM t
To select the data in Column c1 from table t |
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
INNER JOIN t2 on conditionSelect column c1 and c2 from table t1 and perform an inner join between t1 and t2 |
SELECT * FROM t
To select all rows and columns from table t |
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
LEFT JOIN t2 on condition
Select column c1 and c2 from table t1 and perform a left join between t1 and t2 |
SELECT c1 FROM t
WHERE c1 = ‘test’
To select data in column c1 from table t, where c1=test |
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
RIGHT JOIN t2 on condition
Select column c1 and c2 from table t1 and perform a right join between t1 and t2 |
SELECT c1 FROM t
ORDER BY c1 ASC (DESC)
To select data in column c1 from table t either in ascending or descending order |
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
FULL OUTER JOIN t2 on condition
Select column c1 and c2 from table t1 and perform a full outer join between t1 and t2 |
SELECT c1 FROM t
ORDER BY c1LIMIT n OFFSET offset
To skip the offset of rows and return the next n rows |
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
CROSS JOIN t2
Select column c1 and c2 from table t1 and produce a Cartesian product of rows in a table |
SELECT c1, aggregate(c2)
FROM t
GROUP BY c1
To group rows using an aggregate function |
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1, t2Select column c1 and c2 from table t1 and produce a Cartesian product of rows in a table |
SELECT c1, aggregate(c2)
FROM t
GROUP BY c1HAVING condition
Group rows using an aggregate function and filter these groups using ‘HAVING’ clause |
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1 A
INNER JOIN t2 B on condition
Select column c1 and c2 from table t1 and join it to itself using INNER JOIN clause |
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With this, we come to an end of the SQL commands Cheatsheet. To get in-depth knowledge, check out our interactive, live-online SQL Developer, SQL DBA training program here, which comes with 24*7 support to guide you throughout your learning period. Intellipaat’s SQL online training equips you with managing the database solutions, managing various operations on databases, migrating it to the cloud, and scaling on demand.
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